Association between overweight, obesity and socioeconomic development among Ningxia students from 2000 to 2014 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the trend of overweight and obesity among Han students aged 7-18 years in Ningxia from 2000 to 2014, and to provide scientific basis for child and adolescent obesity prevention and control in Ningxia.@*Methods@#Based on data of the height and weight of Han students aged 7-18 in the four waves of national student physical surveys in Ningxia from 2000 to 2014, SPSS 21.0 was used for trend analysis.@*Results@#From 2000 to 2014, the overweight and obesity rate of Han students in Ningxia from 7 to 18 years old showed an upward trend. Compared with the year of 2000, the total overweight rate increased by 2.06 times in 2014 and the obesity rate increased by 4.40 times. The overweight and obesity rate of boys was higher than that of girls in 2005 and 2014, and the difference was statistically significant(χ2=4.91, 6.20, P<0.05). The overweight and obesity rates of urban students were higher than those of rural students in 2005 and 2010(χ2=9.63, 5.97, P<0.05). The correlation analysis between the overweight and obesity rate of Ningxia students and socioeconomic indicators showed that the overweight and obesity of Ningxia students from 2000 to 2014 was closely related to the level of Ningxia socioeconomic development, especially the obesity detection rate of rural students was related to Ningxia’s GDP and The correlation between GDP, per capita disposable income, per capita consumption expenditure, and urbanization rate is stronger(r=0.98, 0.98, 0.99, 1.00, 0.93, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Socioeconomic of Ningxia is rapidly increasing, and the overweight and obesity rate of Han students aged 7 to 18 is also increasing. It is suggested that society, schools and parents should pay great attention to this phenomenon, build community-wide efforts to prevent childhood obesity, and prevent chronic diseases caused by overweight and obesity occurrence risk.

Therapeutic effect of metoprolol combined trimetazidine on ischemic heart failure and its influence on inflammatory factors / 心血管康复医学杂志

Objective: To study therapeutic effect of metoprolol combined trimetazidine on ischemic heart failure (IHF) and its influence on inflammatory factors. Methods: A total of 172 IHF patients treated in our hospital were collected. They were randomly and equally divided into trimetazidine group and combined treatment group (received metoprolol combined trimetazidine), and both groups were treated for 30d. Cardiac function, levels of inflammatory factors, N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), heart type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) and quality of life (QOL) before and after treatment, and cerebral infarction rate after one-year treatment were compared between two groups. Results: Compared with trimetazidine group after treatment, there were significant rise in left ventricular ejection fraction [(44. 68±4. 51) ％ vs. (49. 79±4. 99) ％], significant reductions in left ventricular end-diastolic dimension [(50. 41± 5. 06) mm vs. (47. 28±4. 83) mm], left ventricular end-systolic dimension [(41. 57±4. 22) mm vs. (36. 72±3. 71) mm], levels of NT-proBNP [(3. 48±0. 35) ng/L vs. (3. 06±0. 32) ng/L], H-FABP [(11. 41±1. 26) μg/L vs. (8. 55±0. 86) μg/L], interleukin 6 [(53. 21±5. 36) ng/L vs. (43. 58±4. 44) ng/L], tumor necrosis factorα [(161. 97±16. 28) ng/L vs. (108. 27±10. 11) ng/L]and C reactive protein [(15. 72±1. 59) ng/L vs. (11. 10±1. 12) ng/L]and QOL score [(48. 75±4. 89) scores vs. (43. 15±4. 33) scores]in combined treatment group, P＜0. 05 or＜0. 01. Total effective rate of combined treatment group was significantly higher than that of trimetazidine group (90. 70％ vs. 72. 09％, P=0. 002); after one-year treatment, incidence rate of cerebral infarction in combined treatment group was significantly lower than that of trimetazidine group (2. 33％ vs. 10. 47％, P=0. 029). Conclusion: Metoprolol combined trimetazidine can significantly improve myocardial blood supply, correct immune imbalance, improve cardiac function and quality of life in IHF patients. The therapeutic effect is significant, and it can prevent cerebral infraction, which is worth extending.

Early rehabilitation intervention reduces the incidence of extrauterine growth retardation in preterm infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of early rehabilitation intervention on the incidences of extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR) and early diseases in preterm infants.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The appropriate-for-gestational-age preterm infants with a gestational age of <34 weeks and a birth weight of 1 000 to <2 000 g who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) within 24 hours after birth were enrolled in a prospective randomized controlled trial. These infants were randomly divided into rehabilitation intervention group and control group. The infants in the rehabilitation intervention group were given early rehabilitation after their vital signs became stable, including oral sensory and muscle strength training and pressure touching of the head, chest, abdomen, extremities, hands, and feet. The primary outcome measures were the time to independent oral feeding, length of hospital stay, and incidence rate of EUGR. The secondary outcome measures were the incidence rates of related diseases in preterm infants, such as apnea, feeding intolerance, and sepsis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 97 preterm infants who met the inclusion criteria and had complete data were enrolled, with 48 in the control group and 49 in the rehabilitation intervention group. The rehabilitation intervention group had a shorter time to independent oral feeding than the control group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the rehabilitation intervention group had a shorter length of hospital stay and a lower corrected gestational age at discharge (P<0.05), as well as a lower incidence rate of EUGR (P<0.05). The rehabilitation intervention group ONCLUSIONS: Early rehabilitation intervention for preterm infants in the NICU may reduce the incidence rates of apnea, feeding intolerance, and EUGR and help them to achieve independent oral feeding early.</p>

Risk factors for extrauterine growth restriction in preterm infants with gestational age less than 34 weeks / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the correlated factors contributed to extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) in preterm infants with the gestational age less than 34 weeks.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 694 preterm infants with the gestational ages less than 34 weeks were enrolled. They were classified into EUGR and non-EUGR groups by weight on discharge. The perinatal data, growth data, nutritional information and morbidities during hospitalization were compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>EUGR on discharge occurred in 284 (40.9%) out of the 694 infants. The incidence of EUGR in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) infants was significantly higher than in non-IUGR infants (P<0.01). The very low birth weight (VLBW) infants had a higher incidence of EUGR than non-VLBW infants (P<0.01). The incidence of EUGR increased with the decreases of gestational age at birth and birth weight (P<0.01). Compared with the non-EUGR group, the fasting time, the duration of parenteral nutrition, the time beginning to feed and the age to achieve full enteral feeds were significantly greater in the EUGR group (P<0.01). The cumulative protein deficit and cumulative caloric deficit in the first week of life in the EUGR group were higher than in the non-EUGR group (P<0.05). The incidences of respiratory distress syndrome, apnea, necrotizing enterocolitis and septicemia in the EUGR group were higher than in the non-EUGR group (P<0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that birth weight, gestational age at birth and IUGR were the independent risk factors for EUGR.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The incidence of EUGR in infants with gestational age less than 34 weeks is high, especially in IUGR or VLBW infants. Early and aggressive nutritional strategy and prevention of apnea and septicemia may facilitate to reduce the occurrence of EUGR.</p>

Determination of forsythiaside B and poliumoside in different origin and parts from Callicarpa kwangtungensis / 中国中药杂志

The RP-HPLC method was used to determinate the contents of forsythiaside B and poliumoside in different origin and parts from Callicarpa kwangtungensis. The linear ranges of forsythiaside B and poliumoside were 0. 106-3. 18 and 0. 105 2-3. 156 microg, respectively. The average recoveries of forythiaside B and poliumoside were 99. 01% ( RSD 1. 2%) and 100. 13% (RSD 0. 90% ), respectively. The contents of forsythiaside B and poliumoside were changed in different origin and parts from C. kwangtungensis. The sample from the area of Luxi, Pingxiang City, Jiangxi Province has the highest contents of forsythiaside B and poliumoside. The contents of forsythiaside B and poliumoside in different parts from C. kwangtungensis in Luxi are: leaf > stem > fruit. This result will provide a scientific basis for quality control and reasonable utilzation of C. kwangtungensis.

Relationship between serum S100B protein level and brain damage in preterm infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study changes of serum S100B protein level in preterm infants with brain damage and its role.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-seven preterm infants were classified into 3 groups based on the results of brain ultrasound and MRI: brain white matter damage (WMD; n=13), brain but not white matter damage (non-WMD; n=14) and control (no brain damage; n=20). Blood samples were collected within 24 hrs, 72 hrs and 7 days after birth. S100B protein level was measured using ELISA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Serum levels of S100B in the WMD and non-WMD groups were significantly higher than in the control group within 24 hours, 72 hours and 7 days after birth (P<0.05). More increased serum S100B levels were observed in the WMD group compared with the non-WMD group (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Serum S100B protein level increases in preterm infants with brain damage within 7 days after birth, suggesting that it may be used as an early sensitive marker for the diagnosis of brain damage, especially WMD.</p>

Determination of soluble solid content and acidity of loquats based on FT-NIR spectroscopy / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

The near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy technique has been applied in many fields because of its advantages of simple preparation, fast response, and non-destructiveness. We investigated the potential of NIR spectroscopy in diffuse reflectance mode for determining the soluble solid content (SSC) and acidity (pH) of intact loquats. Two cultivars of loquats (Dahongpao and Jiajiaozhong) harvested from two orchards (Tangxi and Chun'an, Zhejiang, China) were used for the measurement of NIR spectra between 800 and 2500 nm. A total of 400 loquats (100 samples of each cultivar from each orchard) were used in this study. Relationships between NIR spectra and SSC and acidity of loquats were evaluated using partial least square (PLS) method. Spectra preprocessing options included the first and second derivatives, multiple scatter correction (MSC), and the standard normal variate (SNV). Three separate spectral windows identified as full NIR (800approximately2500 nm), short NIR (800approximately1100 nm), and long NIR (1100approximately2500 nm) were studied in factorial combination with the preprocessing options. The models gave relatively good predictions of the SSC of loquats, with root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 1.21, 1.00, 0.965, and 1.16 degrees Brix for Tangxi-Dahongpao, Tangxi-Jiajiaozhong, Chun'an-Dahongpao, and Chun'an-Jiajiaozhong, respectively. The acidity prediction was not satisfactory, with the RMSEP of 0.382, 0.194, 0.388, and 0.361 for the above four loquats, respectively. The results indicate that NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can be used to predict the SSC and acidity of loquat fruit.

Measurement of brain regional oxygen saturation in neonates in China: a multicenter randomized clinical trial / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To understand the value of measuring neonatal cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in assessing cerebral oxygenation, to establish the normal range of neonatal cerebral rSO2 and to collect data of the changes of cerebral rSO2 under certain disease status.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Nine large hospitals participated in the multicenter randomized clinical trial from Jan 2007 to Apr 2008. Using the NIRS human tissue oximeter (TSAH-100) independently developed in China, the cerebral rSO2 of 223 normal full-term and 95 otherwise healthy preterm neonates without any special disease, was detected at 1, 2 and 3 days after birth, respectively. The cerebral rSO2 of 102 neonates with diseases which may affect the cerebral oxygenation, was also detected during the severe phases. The pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) measured at the finger tip, and also the arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) measured by blood gas analysis, which could indicate the oxygen supply of the whole body, were obtained simultaneously. The correlations among cerebral rSO2, pulse SpO2 and arterial SaO2 were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The cerebral rSO2 of the normal full-term neonates was (62+/-2)%. Cerebral hypoxia was defined as rSO2 lower than 58%. The cerebral rSO2 of the normal full-terms was steady at 1, 2 and 3 days after birth respectively, without any significant differences among them (F=0.610, P>0.05). The cerebral rSO2 of the neonates with diseases was (55+/-7)%, which was significantly lower than that of the normal full-term neonates (t=15.492, P<0.05). (2) The cerebral rSO2 was positively correlated with the SpO2 (r=0.74, P<0.01) and the SaO2 (r=0.71, P<0.01). (3) Under some special diseases, the changes of cerebral rSO2 was asynchronous with those of the SpO2: (1) For 18 cases under severe cerebral damages or under relatively low hemoglobin concentration, the cerebral rSO2 was significantly low (50%-58%), but the SpO2 was still normal (above 90%). (2) During the recovery of some critically ill neonates, the increase of cerebral rSO2 was lagged as compared with that of pulse SpO2. Especially, during the severe phases of 6 cases with multi-organ failure, the SpO2 and the cerebral rSO2 were both significantly low (55%-80% for SpO2, and 44%-50% for cerebral rSO2); when the diseases were alleviated, although the SpO2 recovered to above 85%, the cerebral rSO2 was still significantly low (around 50%). (3) In 3 cases, during the severe phases of serious hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), the cerebral rSO2 significantly increased to 70%-72%, which was significantly higher than the normal value (62%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The range of cerebral rSO2 of the normal full-term neonates was (62+/-2)%. Cerebral oxygenation can be externally indicated by the rSO2 noninvasively and continuously measured by NIRS, which was positively correlated with traditional pulse SpO2 and arterial SaO2. In some special diseases, the rSO2 measured by NIRS can be helpful for clinical diagnoses and treatments.</p>

Pathological change of partial liquid ventilation in a rabbit meconium aspiration lung injury model / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the pathological change of partial liquid ventilation (PLV) through establishing the rabbit model of acute lung injury (ALI) induced by meconium aspiration.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Adult, healthy male or female New Zealand white rabbits were randomly allocated into six groups as follows: (1) control group, (2) conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) group, (3) high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) group, (4) CMV combined with PLV group, (5) HFOV combined with PLV group and (6) normal group. The animals were anesthetized with 1% pentobarbital and tracheotomy was performed and endotracheal tube was placed, 20% meconium fluid (3 ml/kg) was quickly injected into the lung through the endotracheal tube and arterial blood gas was analyzed 30 minutes later. ALI was indicated when P/F ratio (PaO2)/FiO(2)) was < or = 300 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) and Cdyn Dynamic Compliance declined by more than 30% of the baseline. The animals were then randomly allocated into one of the 6 groups. In PLV groups (including CMV + PLV and HFOV + PLV) warmed (37 degrees C) and oxygenated perfluorocarbon was slowly instilled into the lungs of the rabbits through the endotracheal tube at a low-dose 3 ml/kg, then set 15-min positive pressure by sacculus proprius to guarantee perfluorocarbon to steadily diffuse in to the lungs. Six hours after ventilation the animals were sacrificed by using overdose of room air instillation via vein. The lungs were taken and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) and were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). Pathological evaluations included inflammatory manifestation, edema and hemorrhage in both alveolar and interstitial area, damages of small airway (alveolar tube and alveolar bursa) and hyaline membrane formation. One way analysis of variance, Student Newman-Keuls (SNK) method and Kruskal-Wallis (K-W) test were used for comparisons.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>With the exception of normal group 30 minutes after meconium injections blood gas analysis in different groups showed significant changes and PaO(2)/FiO(2) (< 300 mm Hg), Cdyn declined by more than 60% compared with baseline (P < 0.05). The pathological analysis showed that alveolar and interstitial inflammation, edema, alveolar and interstitial hemorrhage, and small airway damage existed in each group. The hyaline membrane formation was found in one of CMV + PLV group rabbits. The perfluorocarbon-treated animals (CMV + PLV and HFOV + PLV) showed significantly less injury in dependent lung and less damage of small airway (CMV + PLV or HFOV + PLV vs. CMV = 1.1 +/- 0.4 or 0.9 +/- 0.3 vs 2.6 +/- 0.5) compared with the animals of CMV group (P < 0.01). HFOV group (2.1 +/- 0.3) also had less alveolar and interstitial inflammation compared with CMV group (3.0 +/- 0) (P < 0.05), and there was less evidence of alveolar and interstitial edema in the animals treated with HFOV + PLV (1.0 +/- 0.7) compared with CMV (2.0 +/- 0.8) (P < 0.01). Treatment with perfluorocarbon did not result in significant difference in alveolar and interstitial hemorrhage. Compared with CMV and HFOV groups, the groups treated with PLV showed lower mortality of animals (21.4% and 14.3%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>PLV can alleviate the histological damage of acute lung injury induced by meconium aspiration and increased survival chance and therefore PLV would be a useful treatment for MAS. The effectiveness and safety of application of PLV should be evaluated in clinical studies.</p>

Combined use of tandem mass spectrometry with urine gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is useful for diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Many inborn errors of metabolism have similar presenting clinical manifestations, making early diagnosis difficult. We report our experience with tandem mass spectrometry combined with urine gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as a means of definitively diagnosing inborn errors of metabolism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and thirty-two children with suspected inborn errors of metabolism but without specific clinical manifestations, admitted to the Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine between June 1, 2003 and September 30, 2006, were studied. Children received routine biochemical examinations, as well as mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Fifteen cases (11.5%) were confirmed as having inborn errors of metabolism, including 6 cases of methylmalonic acidemia, 2 of propionic academia, 2 of Type II citrullinemia, 1 of biotinidase deficiency, 1 of tyrosinemia, 1 of maple syrup urine disease, 1 of omithine transcarbamylase deficiency and 1 of very long chain Acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The combined use of tandem mass spectrometry with urine gas chromatography mass spectrometry is useful for early diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism in children with suspected inborn errors of metabolism but without specific clinical manifestations.</p>

Application of NIR spectroscopy for firmness evaluation of peaches / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

The use of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was proved to be a useful tool for quality analysis of fruits. A bifurcated fiber type NIR spectrometer, with a detection range of 800~2500 nm by InGaAs detector, was used to evaluate the firmness of peaches. Anisotropy of NIR spectra and firmness of peaches in relation to detecting positions of different parts (including three latitudes and three longitudes) were investigated. Both spectra absorbency and firmness of peach were influenced by longitudes (i, ii, iii) and latitudes (A, B, C). For modeling, two thirds of the samples were used as the calibration set and the remaining one third were used as the validation or prediction set. Partial least square regression (PLSR) models for different longitude and latitude spectra and for the whole fruit show that collecting several NIR spectra from different longitudes and latitudes of a fruit for NIR calibration modeling can improve the modeling performance. In addition, proper spectra pretreatments like scattering correction or derivative also can enhance the modeling performance. The best results obtained in this study were from the holistic model with multiplicative scattering correction (MSC) pretreatment, with correlation coefficient of cross-validation r(cv)=0.864, root mean square error of cross-validation RMSECV=6.71 N, correlation coefficient of calibration r=0.948, root mean square error of calibration RMSEC=4.21 N and root mean square error of prediction RMSEP=5.42 N. The results of this study are useful for further research and application that when applying NIR spectroscopy for objectives with anisotropic differences, spectra and quality indices are necessarily measured from several parts of each object to improve the modeling performance.

Application of principal component-radial basis function neural networks (PC-RBFNN) for the detection of water-adulterated bayberry juice by near-infrared spectroscopy / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics techniques was used to classify the pure bayberry juice and the one adulterated with 10% (w/w) and 20% (w/w) water. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to reduce the dimensions of spectral data, give information regarding a potential capability of separation of objects, and provide principal component (PC) scores for radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN). RBFNN was used to detect bayberry juice adulterant. Multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and standard normal variate (SNV) transformation were used to preprocess spectra. The results demonstrate that PC-RBFNN with optimum parameters can separate pure bayberry juice samples from water-adulterated bayberry at a recognition rate of 97.62%, but cannot clearly detect water levels in the adulterated bayberry juice. We conclude that NIR technology can be successfully applied to detect water-adulterated bayberry juice.

Effects of nuclear factor-kappaB on ventilator induced lung biotrauma by higher tidal volume and its interaction with pro-inflammatory cytokines / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate the changes of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation in lung tissues and expression of cytokines in homogenate from lung tissues in infant rabbits with mechanical ventilation (MV) caused lung injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-five general grade healthy infant rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: (1) CONTROL: with no MV (NMV, n = 9); (2): Conventional MV (CMV, n = 9): V(T) = 8 ml/kg; (3): MV with large tidal volume (V(T)) (LMV, n = 9), V(T) = 24 ml/kg. NF-kappaB activity in nuclear protein from lung tissues was measured with electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA); quantity of IkappaBalpha in cellular plasma from lung tissues was analyzed with Western blotting method; TNF-alpha and IL-8 mRNA and their concentrations in homogenate were measured from lung tissues with RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At all time points NF-kappaB activity was higher in LMV than that in CMV and NMV groups (P < 0.01). Quantity of IkappaBalpha decreased progressively in LMV with time (P < 0.01) as compared to CMV and NMV. The expressions of TNF-alpha and IL-8 and their protein quantity in lung tissues significantly increased in LMV after ventilation compared to that in CMV and NMV (P < 0.01). The expression level of TNF-alpha reached its peak at 4 hrs and IL-8 at 6 hrs after ventilation then TNF-alpha decreased significantly at 6 hrs after ventilation. Pathological examination of the lung tissues showed that as MV extended over the time in LMV, alveolar structures were severely destroyed and large number of WBC infiltrated in both alveolar sacs and pulmonary interstitia with RBC leakage. However, there was less lung injury in CMV and no obvious injury in NMV.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>IkappaBalpha degradation and NF-kappaB activation were involved in modulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung tissues during the occurrence of lung injury caused by injuring MV.</p>